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1.
J Hist Behav Sci ; 59(1): 52-61, 2023 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36179065

RESUMO

This paper presents a brief history of Yugoslav psychology and a review of the current state of psychological research and practice in the former Yugoslav countries. Bibliometric mapping was used to explore the knowledge domain and international visibility of psychological research in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Judging by the number of papers visible in Scopus, psychological research activity in these countries is similar to the other former communist countries. In a relative sense, it is even higher in Slovenia and Croatia. However, psychologists still rely heavily on national journals indexed in Scopus when publishing their papers. Regarding psychological practice, former Yugoslav countries are facing challenges that are more or less typical for all small countries in the global scientific and economic market. Keeping in mind all the obstacles and traumas in the past decades, it should be considered a success that psychology in the former Yugoslav countries is now a fully established profession and a recognized scientific discipline.


Assuntos
Psicologia , Pesquisa , Humanos , Bósnia e Herzegóvina , Montenegro , República da Macedônia do Norte , Sérvia , Iugoslávia , Psicologia/história , Psicologia/tendências , Pesquisa/história , Pesquisa/tendências
2.
Aval. psicol ; 21(4): 407-417, out.-dez. 2022.
Artigo em Português | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1447489

RESUMO

A avaliação psicológica (AP) constitui-se como uma um processo técnico-científico auxiliado por múltiplas ferramentas, que apresenta solidez no desenvolvimento de pesquisas que qualificam a prática e a formação em Psicologia. Sua relevância histórica e social é evidente, sendo que seus parâmetros estão em consonância com os mais rigorosos critérios praticados internacionalmente. Por essa via, considera-se que a AP constitui um importante recurso de proteção ao indivíduo e sociedade nos diferentes contextos de atuação. Ainda que apresente notório reconhecimento, há desafios que precisam ser enfrentados. Sob essa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo discutir os principais desafios presentes para uma AP mais qualificada, dentro dos elevados princípios éticos de nossa profissão. O trabalho está organizado de modo a traçar um panorama desses desafios, percorrendo tanto as esferas social, ética, de resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia e de aspectos práticos, visando trazer contribuições que possam, por um lado, problematizar sobre a superação das dificuldades e, por outro, fortalecer ações que se revertam na superação dos desafios que hoje se apresentam.(AU)


Psychological assessment (PA) is a well established area in the development of research that helps to improve the quality of practice and training in psychology. Its historical and social relevance is clear, and its parameters are in line with the most rigorous criteria practiced internationally. In this way, it is considered that the PA protects society in the different contexts of action. Although it is well known, there are challenges that need to be faced. From this perspective, the present work aimed to discuss the main challenges present for quality PA, considering the strict ethical principles of the profession. The work is structured to identify these challenges, covering social and ethical considerations, the resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology, and practical aspects. The goal is to provide contributions that can both problematize overcoming difficulties and strengthen actions to overcome them in the current context.(AU)


La evaluación psicológica (EP) se constituye un proceso técnico-científico apoyado en múltiples herramientas, que presenta solidez en el desarrollo de investigaciones que cualifican la práctica y la formación en psicología. Su relevancia histórica y social es evidente, y sus parámetros se ajustan con los criterios más rigurosos practicados internacionalmente. De esta forma, se considera que la EP es un recurso fundamental para la protección del individuo y de la sociedad en diferentes contextos de actuación. Aunque presenta un reconocimiento notorio, hay retos por afrontar. En esa perspectiva, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo discutir los principales desafíos actuales para una EP más calificada, dentro de los altos principios éticos de nuestra profesión. El estudio está organizado para delinear estos desafíos, abarcando tanto la esfera social, ética, las resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Psicología y los aspectos prácticos. La finalidad es traer contribuciones que puedan no solo problematizar la superación de las dificultades, sino también, fortalecer las acciones que se revierten en la superación de los problemas que se presentan hoy.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Competência Profissional , Psicologia/educação , Psicologia/tendências , Ética Profissional , Psicometria , Responsabilidade Social , Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , Participação Social
3.
Benef Microbes ; 13(6): 445-452, 2022 Dec 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36377580

RESUMO

There is growing interest in the field of psychobiotics, which are probiotics that confer a mental health benefit when ingested. As this field grows, it should pay particular attention to three areas within psychobiotics research that are currently under-studied - sex (and gender) representation, fungi and the mycobiome, and vagus nerve activity. Giving these three domains more attention is currently feasible without significant increased investment of time or money. We discuss these three domains briefly, why they are of particular relevance for psychobiotics research, and how psychobiotics research can easily integrate their perspectives. Our recommendations are summarised in the conclusion, but include equal sex representation at all phases of research (human and animal studies), investigating the relationship between psychobiotics and commensal fungi, and measuring the activity of the vagus nerve in psychobiotics studies.


Assuntos
Probióticos , Psicologia , Humanos , Animais , Psicologia/tendências , Micobioma , Nervo Vago , Pesquisa Biomédica , Fungos , Caracteres Sexuais
4.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand ; 101(2): 232-240, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34904223

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: A pandemic may negatively influence psychological well-being in the individual. We aimed to assess the potential influence of the first national lockdown in Denmark (March to June 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological well-being and the content and degree of worries among pregnant women in early pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study based on self-reported data we compared psychological well-being and worries among women who were pregnant during the first phase of the pandemic (COVID-19 group) (n = 685), with women who were pregnant the year before (Historical group) (n = 787). Psychological well-being was measured by the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5), using a score ≤50 as indicator of reduced psychological well-being. Differences in WHO-5 mean scores and in the prevalence of women with score ≤50 were assessed using general linear and log-binomial regression analyses. The Cambridge Worry Scale was used to measure the content and degree of major worries. To detect differences between groups, Pearson's Chi-square test was used. RESULTS: We found no differences in mean WHO-5 score between groups (mean difference) 0.1 (95% CI -1.5 to 1.6) or in the prevalence of women with WHO-5 score ≤50 (prevalence ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.83-1.29) in adjusted analyses. A larger proportion of women in the COVID-19 group reported major worries about Relationship with husband/partner compared with the Historical group (3% [n = 19] vs 1% [n = 6], p = 0.04), and 9.2% in the COVID-19 group worried about the possible negative influence of the COVID-19 restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that national restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic did not influence the psychological well-being or the content and degree of major worries among pregnant women. However, a larger proportion of women in the COVID-19 group reported major worries concerning Relationship with husband/partner compared with the Historical group and 9.2% in the COVID-19 group worried about the possible negative influence of the COVID-19 restrictions.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Relações Interpessoais , Saúde Mental , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Gestantes/psicologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/psicologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Mental/tendências , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/psicologia , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez/psicologia , Psicologia/métodos , Psicologia/tendências , SARS-CoV-2
5.
Artigo em Português | INDEXPSI, LILACS | ID: biblio-1425944

RESUMO

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar balanço avaliativo e leitura livre das principais questões presentes no texto "O papel do psicólogo na organização industrial (notas sobre o "Lobo Mau" em psicologia)" escrito por Wanderley Codo, publicado em 1984 no livro Psicologia social: o homem em movimento. A proposta assume outra dimensão diante da pandemia do coronavírus, que eclodiu no mundo em dezembro de 2019. Considerando o texto, ainda hoje, de extrema pertinência, propomos seu balanço crítico e uma atualização que aprimore sua influência na formação e atuação da(o) psicóloga(o) do trabalho e organizacional. Busca-se identificar as principais determinações do capital e seus representantes no ambiente de trabalho, sem negar as possibilidades de ajuda às(aos) trabalhadoras(es), em defesa do posto de trabalho, da saúde e da qualidade de vida. São apresentadas indicações de estratégias e táticas para a formação e atuação crítica das(os) profissionais da área. Na conclusão, faz-se uma indicação sucinta das prováveis consequências pós-pandemia para as(os) trabalhadoras(es), diante das quais as(os) psicólogas(os) da área precisarão responder aos desafios colocados


This study aims to assess and freely read the main questions in "O papel do psicólogo na organização industrial (notas sobre o 'Lobo Mau' em psicologia)" [The role of psychologists in industrial organization (notes on the "Big Bad Wolf" in psychology)], written by Wanderley Codo, published in 1984 in the book "Psicologia social: o homem em movimento" (Social psychology: man on the move). Our proposal takes on another dimension in the face of the coronavirus pandemic, which broke out in the world in December 2019. Considering that the text remains extremely pertinent today, we propose to critically evaluate and update it to improve its influence on academic education and occupational and organizational psychologists' performance. We aim to find the main determinations of capital and its representatives in the work environment without denying possibilities of helping workers to defend their jobs, health, and quality of life. We offer strategies and tactics to train professionals so they can critically do their jobs. Our conclusion briefly indicates the probable post-pandemic consequences for workers, which will require specialized psychologists to respond to the posed challenges


Assuntos
Prática Profissional , Psicologia/tendências , Capacitação Profissional , Trabalho/tendências , Capitalismo , Mercado de Trabalho , COVID-19
6.
Rev. bras. psicanál ; 55(3): 139-154, jul.-set. 2021. ilus
Artigo em Português | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1341202

RESUMO

A partir de duas vinhetas clínicas que remontam a atendimentos feitos quando estava grávida, a autora trata do paradoxo da transferência: a exigência do uso do inconsciente do analista e a necessidade de manutenção de sua posição abstinente. Seria a positivação de seu corpo um entrave ao setting ou, pelo contrário, abriria espaço para pensar a potência desse encontro como um ato vivo e pulsional? A autora trabalha com a hipótese de que essa experiência, a partir da situação de um analista impedido de "tirar o corpo fora", revela a possibilidade de este funcionar como resto diurno para o sonhar do paciente em sessão.


Based on two clinical reports that go back to the time when the analyst was pregnant, this article deals with the paradox of transference: the requirement to use the analyst's unconscious and the need to maintain her abstinent position. Would the presence of her body be an obstacle to the setting or, on the contrary, would it open space to think about it as a live and creative act? Our hypothesis is that this experience reveals that the analyst, unable to walk away, could function as day´s residues for the patient's dream in session.


A partir de dos fragmentos clínicos que se remontan a consultas realizadas por la analista durante el embarazo, este artículo aborda la paradoja de la transferencia: la exigencia de utilizar el inconsciente del analista y la necesidad de mantener su posición abstinente. ¿La positivización de tu cuerpo sería un obstáculo para el setting o, por el contrario, abriría un espacio para pensar en la potencia de este encuentro como un acto vivo y creativo? Trabajamos con la hipótesis de que esta experiencia revela la posibilidad de que el analista funcione como un resto diurno para el sueño del paciente en sesión.


À partir de deux fragments cliniques qui remontent aux consultations faites par l'analyste pendant sa grossesse, cet article traite du paradoxe du transfert : l'exigence de l'utilisation de l'inconscient de l'analyste et le besoin de maintenir sa posture de s'abstenir. La positivisation du corps de l'analyste serait-elle un obstacle au cadre ou, au contraire, ouvrirait-elle un espace pour réfléchir à la puissance de cette rencontre comme acte vivant et pulsionnel ? Nous partons de l'hypothèse que cette expérience, à partir d'un analyste qui est empêché de « se laver les mains ¼, révèle la possibilité qu'il fonctionne comme le reste diurne du rêve du patient en séance.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Psicologia/tendências , Psicoterapia , Transferência Psicológica
7.
Biosystems ; 208: 104501, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34364930

RESUMO

As a clinical psychologist, I observe stereotyped formulas of behavior in action every day in the consulting room, despite differences in age, race, or culture; they present themselves as codified rules or typical modes of behavior in archetypical situations. Such circumstances coincide with what C.G. Jung defended: the existence of archetypes stored in an inherited/phylogenetic repository, which he called the collective unconscious - somewhat similar to the notion of an ethogram, as shown by ethology. Psychologists can use a perspective to facilitate understanding the phenomenon: the code biology perspective (Barbieri 2014). This approach can help us recognize how these phenomenological events have an ontological reality based not only on the existence of organic information but also on the existence of organic meaning. We are not a tabula rasa (Wilson 2000): despite the explosive diversification of the brain and the emergence of conscience and intentionality, we observe the conservation of basic instincts and emotions (Ekman 2004; Damasio 2010) not only in humans but in all mammals and other living beings; we refer to the neural activity on which the discrimination behavior is based, i.e., the neural codes. The conservation of these fundamental set-of-rules or conventions suggests that one or more neural codes have been highly conserved and serves as an interpretive basis for what happens to the living being who owns them (Barbieri 2003). Thus, archetypes' phenomenological reality can be understood not as something metaphorical but as an ontological (phylogenetic) fact (Goodwyn 2019). Furthermore, epigenetic regulation theories present the possibility that the biomolecular process incorporates elements of the context where it takes place; something fundamental to understand our concept - the archetype presents itself as the mnesic remnant of the behavioral history of individuals who preceded us on the evolutionary scale. In short: brains are optimized for processing ethologically relevant sensory signals (Clemens et al., 2015). From the perspective of the corporeal mind (Searle 2002), in this paper, we will show the parallels between code biology and the concept of the archetype, as Jung defended it and as it appears in clinical practice.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Código Genético/fisiologia , Instinto , Psicologia/tendências , Animais , Humanos , Psicologia/métodos
8.
Am Psychol ; 76(4): 575-581, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34410735

RESUMO

In 1992, the United States government expanded a 1978 decision to observe Asian Pacific American Heritage Week to a month-long recognition of the contributions of Asian Americans to the country's history and ongoing cultural milieu. Since 2000, the Asian population in the United States has grown by 72%-the fastest rate of any racial/ethnic group in the country. Today, the Census reports that Asians comprise 22 million United States residents. Despite this unprecedented growth, Asian Americans remain largely invisible in the national dialogue and in scientific research. This special issue features theoretical, empirical, and policy articles that highlight Asian Americans in psychology. Asian Americans remain marginalized and invisible in scientific endeavors for several reasons. For example, consolidating many ethnic groups under an "Asian American" pan-ethnic umbrella masks meaningful cultural, linguistic, ethnic, migration, gender, sexual/gender identity/expression, and socioeconomic differences. These intersectional identities result in experiences that are multiply marginalized, contributing to invisibility. The model minority stereotype highlights high-achieving and successful individuals, rendering the segment of the Asian American population that is struggling irrelevant and unworthy of attention. This special issue directly interrogates sources of invisibility to synthesize theory, research, and policy focused on Asian Americans. The articles in this special issue focus on the intersectional spaces that Asian Americans occupy, unpacking the diversity behind the "Asian American" pan-ethnic label, experiences of identity and discrimination across a range of Asian American groups, and areas of theory/research/policy where Asian American experiences have been overlooked. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Asiático/psicologia , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Psicologia/tendências , Marginalização Social , Estereotipagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meio Social , Estados Unidos
9.
Perspect Psychol Sci ; 16(4): 671-681, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34240651

RESUMO

More than 40 years ago, Paul Meehl (1978) published a seminal critique of the state of theorizing in psychological science. According to Meehl, the quality of theories had diminished in the preceding decades, resulting in statistical methods standing in for theoretical rigor. In this introduction to the special issue Theory in Psychological Science, we apply Meehl's account to contemporary psychological science. We suggest that by the time of Meehl's writing, psychology found itself in the midst of a crisis that is typical of maturing sciences, in which the theories that had been guiding research were gradually cast into doubt. Psychologists were faced with the same general choice when worldviews fail: Face reality and pursue knowledge in the absence of certainty, or shift emphasis toward sources of synthetic certainty. We suggest that psychologists have too often chosen the latter option, substituting synthetic certainties for theory-guided research, in much the same manner as Scholastic scholars did centuries ago. Drawing from our contributors, we go on to make recommendations for how psychological science may fully reengage with theory-based science.


Assuntos
Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Teoria Psicológica , Psicologia/tendências , Incerteza , História do Século XX , Humanos , Psicologia/história , Psicologia/normas
10.
Behav Brain Res ; 411: 113375, 2021 08 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34023309

RESUMO

Guided by a biopsychosocial perspective of mothering, this study investigated the interplay among biological (maternal cortisol reactivity), psychological (maternal depressive symptoms), and social (infant emotion and regulation) factors in contributing to early changes in maternal parenting. Participants were 1292 low-income, mother-infant pairs, assessed when the infants were 6-months (T1), 15-months (T2), and 24-months old (T3). Maternal parenting was observed at all assessment points. At T1, infant emotion expression and orienting towards mothers were observed, when maternal cortisol reactivity was assessed. Mothers reported their depressive symptoms at T1. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two parenting factors across time points: positive engagement and negative intrusiveness. Second-order latent growth curve models revealed interactions among maternal cortisol reactivity, depressive symptoms, and child negative emotion/orienting at T1 in predicting intercepts and slopes of two parenting factors. T1 maternal cortisol reactivity was associated with a higher positive engagement intercept for infants having high negative emotion at T1, but a lower positive engagement intercept for infants with low negative emotion at T1, under low T1 maternal depressive symptoms. T1 maternal cortisol reactivity was also related to a lower negative intrusiveness intercept for infants showing high orienting at T1. Longitudinally, maternal cortisol reactivity at T1 predicted a faster decline in positive engagement when infants showed high negative emotion at T1, but a slower decline when infants were less negative at T1. This study reveals a bivalent adaptation process in maternal sensitivity and enhances the current understanding of how biopsychosocial factors contribute to maternal parenting in low-income families.


Assuntos
Comportamento Materno/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Depressão/psicologia , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Comportamento Materno/etnologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pobreza , Psicologia/tendências , Habilidades Sociais , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia
12.
Perspect Psychol Sci ; 16(4): 827-843, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33513312

RESUMO

In the face of unreplicable results, statistical anomalies, and outright fraud, introspection and changes in the psychological sciences have taken root. Vibrant reform and metascience movements have emerged. These are exciting developments and may point toward practical improvements in the future. Yet there is nothing so practical as good theory. This article outlines aspects of reform and metascience in psychology that are ripe for an injection of theory, including a lot of excellent and overlooked theoretical work from different disciplines. I review established frameworks that model the process of scientific discovery, the types of scientific networks that we ought to aspire to, and the processes by which problematic norms and institutions might evolve, focusing especially on modeling from the philosophy of science and cultural evolution. We have unwittingly evolved a toxic scientific ecosystem; existing interdisciplinary theory may help us intelligently design a better one.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Comportamental/métodos , Pesquisa Comportamental/normas , Psicologia/métodos , Psicologia/normas , Projetos de Pesquisa , Pesquisa Comportamental/tendências , Evolução Cultural , Humanos , Filosofia , Psicologia/tendências
13.
Perspect Psychol Sci ; 16(2): 358-376, 2021 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33400613

RESUMO

Heterogeneity emerges when multiple close or conceptual replications on the same subject produce results that vary more than expected from the sampling error. Here we argue that unexplained heterogeneity reflects a lack of coherence between the concepts applied and data observed and therefore a lack of understanding of the subject matter. Typical levels of heterogeneity thus offer a useful but neglected perspective on the levels of understanding achieved in psychological science. Focusing on continuous outcome variables, we surveyed heterogeneity in 150 meta-analyses from cognitive, organizational, and social psychology and 57 multiple close replications. Heterogeneity proved to be very high in meta-analyses, with powerful moderators being conspicuously absent. Population effects in the average meta-analysis vary from small to very large for reasons that are typically not understood. In contrast, heterogeneity was moderate in close replications. A newly identified relationship between heterogeneity and effect size allowed us to make predictions about expected heterogeneity levels. We discuss important implications for the formulation and evaluation of theories in psychology. On the basis of insights from the history and philosophy of science, we argue that the reduction of heterogeneity is important for progress in psychology and its practical applications, and we suggest changes to our collective research practice toward this end.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Comportamental , Psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Psicologia/normas , Psicologia/tendências
14.
Perspect Psychol Sci ; 16(4): 682-697, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33404356

RESUMO

Drawing on the philosophy of psychological explanation, we suggest that psychological science, by focusing on effects, may lose sight of its primary explananda: psychological capacities. We revisit Marr's levels-of-analysis framework, which has been remarkably productive and useful for cognitive psychological explanation. We discuss ways in which Marr's framework may be extended to other areas of psychology, such as social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology, bringing new benefits to these fields. We then show how theoretical analyses can endow a theory with minimal plausibility even before contact with empirical data: We call this the theoretical cycle. Finally, we explain how our proposal may contribute to addressing critical issues in psychological science, including how to leverage effects to understand capacities better.


Assuntos
Teoria Psicológica , Psicologia/métodos , Psicologia/normas , Evolução Biológica , Humanos , Psicologia/tendências , Psicologia Social
15.
BMJ Mil Health ; 167(1): 63-69, 2021 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33109732

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Predeployment stress management/mental health training is routinely delivered in an effort to mitigate potential adverse psychological effects. Little is known about the effectiveness of such interventions. METHODS: A systematic literature review explored research outcomes related to this subject, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines. An electronic database search using key terms identified studies published between January 2007 and March 2019. Comprehensive inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied and study quality was appraised by two reviewers using 12 criteria adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. Papers were excluded if they were allocated CASP scores ≤10 out of 24. RESULTS: 2003 references were identified; 15 papers fulfilled inclusion criteria and quality threshold requirements. Included studies were randomised controlled trial design (n=8), quasi-experimental (n=5), case report (n=1) and cross-sectional (n=1). Duration of follow-up assessment varied from immediately postintervention to 24 months. The included studies were heterogeneous so clear recommendations relating to predeployment training for military personnel could not be made. Although somewhat disparate, predeployment interventions shared the aim of promoting prior to, during and after deployment health and well-being. Social benefits such as improved cohesion and improved stress management skills were identified in some studies, although substantial mental health and well-being benefits were not found. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for the effectiveness of predeployment psychological interventions is scant. Every attempt should be made to use methods and measures to facilitate comparisons across studies, to attempt a longer follow-up timescale and to clarify key trainer characteristics.


Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Mental/normas , Militares/psicologia , Psicologia/métodos , Guerra/psicologia , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Mental/tendências , Psicologia/tendências , Reino Unido
16.
Am Psychol ; 76(1): 116-129, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32271027

RESUMO

The field of psychology prides itself on being a data-driven science. In 2008, however, Arnett brought to light a major weakness in the evidence on which models, measures, and theories in psychology rest. He demonstrated that the most prominent journals in six subdisciplines of psychology focused almost exclusively (over 70% of samples and authors) on a cultural context, the United States, shared by only 5% of the world's population. How can psychologists trust that these models and results generalize to all humans, if the evidence comes from a small and unrepresentative portion of the global population? Arnett's analysis, cited over 1,300 times since its publication, appears to have galvanized researchers to think more globally. Social scientists from the United States have increasingly sought ways to collaborate with colleagues abroad. Ten years later, an analysis of the same 6 journals for the period of 2014 to 2018 indicates that the authors and samples are now on average a little over 60% American based. The change is mainly due to an increase in authorship and samples from other English-speaking and Western European countries. Thus, it might be said that 11% of the world's population is now represented in these top psychology journals, but that 89% of the world's population continues to be neglected. Majority world authors and samples (4-5%) are still sorely lacking from the evidence base. Psychology still has a long way to go to become a science truly representative of human beings. Several specific recommendations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Características Culturais , Modelos Psicológicos , Psicologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicologia/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ciências Sociais , Estados Unidos
17.
Am Psychol ; 75(9): 1289-1296, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33382297

RESUMO

Emerging global health challenges and ever-growing health disparities indicate a need to improve the manner by which we deliver health prevention and health care services to people and the populations in which they are nested. One means of addressing the physical, psychological, and social health of people is to more fully and intelligently integrate the social and structural deterministic perspectives of health inherent in public health efforts with the individualistic and behavioral focus of medicine. This integration of public health with clinical care is predicated on the notion that people are burdened by socially produced psychological states that undermine their health. To date, neither public health nor clinical care has effectively attended to psychosocial conditions such as fear, loneliness, medical mistrust, powerlessness, and stigma, all of which fuel disease. Psychological principles provide the means of coalescing the efforts of public health with clinical care by addressing these very psychosocial stressors that undermine health and perpetuate disease. In this regard, there is a need to reorient the discipline of public health psychology. Such a conceptualization of health and well-being provides a framework to both identify and intervene on these conditions. Public health psychologists should collaborate directly with both public health experts and clinical providers to develop tools which effectively ameliorate the psychosocial drivers of disease. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Medicina do Comportamento/tendências , Psicologia/tendências , Saúde Pública/tendências , Idoso , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Confiança
18.
J Stud Alcohol Drugs ; 81(6): 731-737, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33308401

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This is a personal history of how I came to view cigarette smoking as an addiction to nicotine. I discuss working with Stanley Schachter and Murray Jarvik. Although I note the importance of Michael Russell (as do many colleagues), I draw attention to the considerable effect on my work of Edward Brecher through his 1972 book, Licit and Illicit Drugs. I give examples of the influence of the makers and sellers of nicotine-containing gum on my career in Canada and the United States as well as on the careers of several important colleagues. Ted Klein, who did public relations for nicotine-replacement products, is noted as an important figure in the tobacco control movement of the time, especially for those doing behavioral and smoking cessation research.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Fumar Cigarros/psicologia , Psicologia/tendências , Comportamento Aditivo/terapia , Fumar Cigarros/terapia , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Humanos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Dispositivos para o Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/tendências , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
19.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 118(6): 427-432, dic 2020.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1146140

RESUMO

El artículo analiza la relación entre pediatría y psicología en la Argentina entre las décadas de 1930 y 1960. Muestra que el enfoque higiénico y médico-social propio de la tradición pediátrica local sentó las bases para un diálogo con la psicología que se plasmó en propuestas de renovación surgidas hacia mediados de la década de 1950. Se abordan, asimismo, algunos usos concretos de la psicología en intervenciones médicas motivadas por la necesidad de comprender y resolver problemas concretos en torno al crecimiento y desarrollo durante la primera infancia. Para concluir, se señala que, si bien, durante el período estudiado, se observa un progresivo acercamiento de la pediatría a la psicología, no constituyó un fenómeno de amplio alcance


In this article, I will analyze the relationship between pediatrics and psychology in Argentina in the 1930-1960 period. This article describes how the sanitary, social, and medical approach typical of our local pediatric tradition laid the foundation for a dialog with psychology, captured by the innovation proposals emerged in the mid-1950s. It also addresses certain specific use of psychology in medical interventions resulting from the need to understand and solve specific problems regarding growth and development during early childhood. To conclude, it points out that, although pediatrics has shown a progressive reconciliation with psychology throughout the studied period, it failed to have far-reaching implications


Assuntos
Humanos , Pediatria , Psicologia/tendências , Argentina , Historiografia
20.
New Dir Child Adolesc Dev ; 2020(173): 101-119, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33135367

RESUMO

Culture and human development blossomed as a research enterprise in the last quarter of the 20th century; the energy and innovation of that enterprise are less evident now. Where did it go, and where is it going? In this essay, we examine the shifting fields of cross-cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, cultural psychology, indigenous psychology, and the surge of research on Individualism/Collectivism. Offering both academic and personal perspectives, we reflect on the importance of "culture" as a construct, and the value of focusing on individual development in that context. The way forward now, we suggest, is international and intercultural collaboration of scientists. The challenge for training new researchers from diverse backgrounds, however, is to equip them with the knowledge and insights gained from cross-cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, and their own cultures, rather than simply making the next generation of scholars into new representatives of Western theories of development.


Assuntos
Antropologia Cultural , Cultura , Desenvolvimento Humano , Psicologia , Antropologia Cultural/tendências , Humanos , Psicologia/tendências
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